"Think left and think right and think low and think high. Oh, the thinks you can think up if only you try!"
- Dr. Seuss

Know

Just as experiences and activities inspire your creativity, experiences and activities nurture creativity in young children. In Lesson One, you learned that creativity can be nurtured and cultivated; it is not something that simply exists in some individuals and not in others. As a preschool teacher, you are responsible for creating meaningful experiences that incorporate and nurture creativity. Creative experiences provide opportunities for children to express and demonstrate their knowledge in interesting and meaningful ways (Gandini, 1992). Fostering children’s creativity builds a foundation for healthy development and love for learning.

Fostering Creative Experiences

How does your program foster creativity in young children? Does it encourage and provide opportunities for creative expression for all children? How are you supported in promoting young children’s creativity?

The following can guide your efforts as you interact with children in preschool experiences:

• Scaffold learning by offering support when the child is struggling in their creative process. While many creative experiences should be child-directed, it is appropriate to offer support or scaffold their learning. A simple comment or question like, “I wonder what would happen if you started the ball a little higher on the ramp” can encourage a child to extend their thinking. Some children might need support using new or unfamiliar materials. You can also offer ideas and model innovative uses of materials, such as: recycling a metal bin into a drum, using a piece of fabric as a tablecloth, etc.
• Give specific, detailed responses when providing feedback or praise. When interacting with children about their artwork, make positive comments that describe what you see them doing (e.g., “I see how you are using these two colors for your tree.”) as opposed to comments that evaluate their work (e.g., “I like how you painted that.”). Alternative statements to “good job” that are non-evaluating will foster creative expression.
• Provide children with multiple opportunities for artistic expression and appreciation of the Arts. Encourage their experimentation with a variety of developmentally appropriate art forms, materials, and processes (Althouse, Johnson, & Mitchell, 2003).
• Encourage and model problem-solving. As creativity entails coming up with solutions or different ways of doing things, you should incorporate problem-solving during classroom experiences. Use open-ended questions such as “What would happen if you…” to help children come up with solutions to problems or situations. Open ended questions not only encourage critical thinking skills, but they also allow children to use their imaginations. Remember to ask questions out of genuine curiosity. You should not always know the answer to a question before you ask it. Children can tell the difference between an adult who is curious and an adult who is testing them.
• Encourage discovery by providing thought-provoking materials and planning activities that encourage creative thinking, brainstorming, and making hypotheses. The types of activities that can be associated with discoveries are endless. A few examples of materials that can spark inquiry and discovery include non-fiction books, paint, science kits and experiments, sensory items, magnifying glasses and telescopes, specimen and insect containers, pets and other animals, magnets, cooking utensils, and natural elements like leaves, dirt, and clay.
• Use children’s interests to guide decisions you make about creative experiences. If, for example, you see that several children in your classroom enjoy construction experiences, consider adjusting your classroom space to allow children to engage in such activities. Above all, be flexible and open-minded!
• Every child demonstrates creativity in a unique way. Some children like to get messy while others do not. When it comes to children with developmental disabilities, you may have to make adaptations or provide support that will enable these children to express their creativity and to be successful.
• Continually evaluate the experiences you are providing. Are they developmentally appropriate for the children in your classroom? Are they culturally responsive and sensitive? Are children actively engaged in constructing their learning?

Fostering Culturally Responsive Creative Experiences

Culturally responsive experiences are those that help children see themselves and their families represented in your program. This may mean opportunities for self-reflection and expression. It may also mean broad exposure to people, ideas, and experiences from around the world. When discussing creativity, the term “culture” can be quite broad. You should provide experiences that help children define a sense of self and a sense of the world including racial or ethnic identity and identities related to family values, beliefs, or experiences. For example, children may explore the culture of living on a military installation, being an only child, or transitioning to kindergarten.

Distinguishing between Process- and Product-oriented Experiences

“I never made a painting as a work of art, it’s all research.” - Pablo Picasso

In your work with preschoolers, it is best practice to provide daily opportunities for creativity and innovation. One such way is through process-oriented experiences. These experiences are child directed, part of the everyday, and open-ended. The focus is on the process of learning and exploration. Sometimes, there is a product which is unique and original to the child. Other times, there may not be a final product or the product is lost during the process of experimentation.

Examples of process-oriented activities may include:

• Using their bodies to create sounds
• Creating prints using different objects
• Making up a story and acting it out
• Experimenting with unconventional materials to build a birdhouse
• Designing a dance for a favorite song

In contrast, product-oriented experiences focus on the result or the product of the experience. They are often adult directed and have a predetermined goal or outcome. With product-oriented activities, there is usually a right and wrong way to proceed, which may lead to frustration from the child.

Examples of product-oriented activities may include:

• Creating identical snowmen
• Offering only feathers, glue, and paper to make a bird
• Using the same materials or objects to build similar-looking houses
• Working with conventional instruments in the way they are intended for use

In your work, you should consider the creative experiences and activities you provide and evaluate to what extent children will be engaged and if the activity is meaningful for the child. When making decisions about process-oriented or product-oriented experiences, identify the intended learning goals and objectives. There is value in teaching specific skills, however, the key is to find balance. You can facilitate learning of certain techniques, such as using scissors or glue, in a variety of open-ended ways. For instance, a child who expresses interest in hanging their recently completed city map on the wall provides you with an opportunity to work on the child’s cutting skills. As a result, you suggest scissors as a tool to cut tape. In doing so, the child is engaged in a meaningful activity with scissors to strengthen their cutting skills. Through repeated experiences such as this, you are cultivating creativity and innovation while also building essential skills.

According to Althouse, Johnson, and Mitchell, who write about integrating the visual arts into the classroom (2003), when adults continuously dictate to children the size paper to use, colors to use, and the product to make, creativity is discouraged. Therefore, it is important to provide rich process-oriented experiences for preschoolers to discover the endless possibilities of creative expression.

Encouraging Creativity

As a preschool staff member, you can encourage creativity by thinking about the questions and comments you make while a child is creating. The table below will provide you with some examples of how to encourage the creative process and what to avoid.

Here are some additional ways to help promote process-oriented creative expression in the learning environment: 

• Provide materials for open-ended art, music, dance, drama, and literature experiences. 
• Allow for long-term projects by providing space for children to store their work that is not yet complete. 
• Allow for free time each day so that children can choose their own experiences and create their own activities. 
• Scaffold learning to promote specific skill development. 
• Allow children to take on different gender roles regardless of how they identify. 
• Observe children carefully so that you are aware of each child’s needs and interests.

Meeting the Needs of All Learners

Each child develops and approaches creative experiences differently. Some children might have difficulties accessing creative experiences. For example, a child who uses a wheelchair might have trouble reaching a traditional easel. A child with visual or hearing impairments may have trouble viewing a work of art or listening to a piece of music. A child who is inattentive might be challenged to take part in an experience for long periods of time. A child who is easily over-stimulated might not enjoy sensory or open-ended activities. You must be prepared to meet children where they are and make appropriate creative experiences a priority for all children. Here are some guidelines to keep in mind when it comes to supporting all learners:

• Art and creative experiences should always be a choice, and there should be no wrong answers. Each child encounters experiences in his or her own way and at his or her own pace.
• Do not let a child with disabilities or differences be a barrier to participation. You should create adaptations that allow each child to participate fully and successfully.
• Scaffold creative experiences for children who need support. Although creative experiences are often open-ended, it is OK for adults to provide some help when needed. You could use a picture schedule to help an individual child begin an activity (i.e., put on smock, pick up brush, dip in paint, and create). You may use a variety of supports such as peer support, adult support, or environmental modification to help children be successful (Sandall & Schwartz, 2008).

See

Fostering young children’s creativity helps build lifelong skills necessary for learning and a love for inquiry and exploration. In the first video, listen as a program director reflects on her program’s approach to creative experiences. In the second video, watch how a preschool classroom, in collaboration with a local art museum, engaged in a fun project about fairies.

Do

As a preschool teacher, you play a critical role in fostering children’s curiosity and creative thinking through the design of the environment and experiences offered. The following is a list of creative learning experiences you can facilitate in your preschool classroom. The experiences are grouped by categories; however, each experience can simultaneously incorporate aspects of multiple learning domains. You can use these experiences during different parts of your day, both indoors and outdoors.